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I. Single-cell analyses of MAPK signaling pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using cell chips

³ª³ë¹ÙÀÌ¿À±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷±º³» °³º°¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÌ Â÷º°¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´ÂÁö¸¦ ´ÜÀϼ¼Æ÷ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ÅëÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ À§ÇØ ³ª³ë±â¼ú, ¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°ÇÐ ¹× ºÐÀÚ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸ ±â¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È¿¸ðÀÇ mating°ú stress MAP kinase pathway¸¦ ¸ðµ¨·Î °³º°¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´ÞÀÇ È°¼º, signal adaptionµîÀÇ flux¸¦ ½Ã°£º°·Î °üÂûÇÏ¿© »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Çö»óÀÇ °üÂû½Ã ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ensemble average problemÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ°í ¼¼Æ÷±º³» °³º°¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÌ Â÷º°¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´ÂÁö¸¦ ±Ô¸íÇϰí À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´ÞÀÇ Á¦¾î ¹× Á¶Àý ±âÀÛÀ» ´Ù°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways is essential for cell growth, cell differentiation and survival in eukaryotes. The mating and high osmolarity responses in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depend on the MAPK signaling pathways. We analyzed the mating and high osmolarity responses in the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae at single-cell level using cell chips. Using the technique, we have determined the real-time gene expression patterns of the mating and high osmolarity responses at single-cell level. We observed that the mating and high osmolarity MAPK signaling showed a non-uniform, fluctuating flux in the population of yeast cells analyzed.

II. Functional analysis of PPQ1 in the mating MAP kinase pathway
   in budding yeast

The mating response of the budding yeast upon stimulation by mating pheromone relies on MAP kinase signal transmission. I've identified a PPQ1 as a putative negative regulator of mating signaling using a noble genetic screening method. Now I study on its regulatory mechanisms with several biochemical approaches.

È¿¸ð¿¡¼­ ¦Áþ±â ½ÅÈ£ Àü´ÞÀº Æä·Î¸ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ MAP kinaseµéÀÇ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´Þ°úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áø´Ù. º» ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ °í¾ÈÇÑ À¯ÀüÀû ¹ß±¼ °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© PPQ1Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÅÈ£ Àü´ÞÀÇ ÀáÁ¤Àû ½ÅÈ£ ¾ïÁ¦ÀÚ·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÇöÀç´Â ¿©·¯°¡Áö »ýÈ­ÇÐÀûÀÎ Á¢±ÙÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© PPQ1ÀÇ Á¶Àý ±âÀÛÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

III. Absolute quantification and profiling of MAPK phosphorylation by Mass Spectroscopy

MAPK pathway´Â ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¼ºÀå, ºÐ¿­, ºÐÈ­, »ç¸ê µî¿¡ °ü¿©Çϸç ÁøÈ­¸¦ °ÅÃÄ¿À´Â µ¿¾È Àß º¸Á¸µÇ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ°úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. MAPK pathway´Â 3´Ü°èÀÇ kinaseµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸¶Áö¸· ´Ü°èÀÇ MAPK´Â Thr°ú TyrÀÇ ÀλêÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Ȱ¼ºÈ­µÇ°í À̰ÍÀÌ ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÇ ½ºÀ§Ä¡¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. MAPKÀÇ ÀλêÈ­°¡ ÀϾ´Â Thr°ú Tyr ºÎÀ§´Â ÁøÈ­ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ º¸Á¸µÇ¾îÁ® È¿¸ðºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷±îÁö ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ sequence¸¦ °®´Â´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ MAPKÀÇ È°¼ºÈ­±âÀÛ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¹àÇôÁø ¹Ù°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç Ȱ¼ºÈ­±âÀÛÀÌ ÁøÈ­ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ µ¿ÀÏÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹àÇôÁø ¹Ù°¡ ¾ø´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ¿¹»Û²¿¸¶¼±Ãæ, ÃÊÆÄ¸®, Áã, »ç¶÷À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ»¶§ MAPKÀÇ ÀλêÈ­°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÆÐÅÏÀ» °®´ÂÁö Àý´ëÁú·®ºÐ¼®¹æ¹ýÀÎ AQUA analysis¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹àÈ÷°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling is critical for various cellular responses including cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. The MAP kinase cascade is conserved in eukaryotic kingdom as three-tiered kinase module; MAPKKK, MAPKK and MAPK. In mammalian cells, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) pathway plays an important role in cell growth including cell proliferation and differentiation, and is known to be activated by dual phosphorylation at threonine and tyrosine residues. Like ERK MAP kinase in mammalian cells, Mpk-1, the MAP kinase in C. elegans and dERK, the MAP kinase in drosophila are also phosphorylated at conserved threonine and tyrosine residues during signal transmission. The dual phosphorylation of MAP kinase is known to be essential for catalytic activity and for signal activation, but the mechanism by which the two residues are phosphorylated remains elusive. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the order and magnitude of dual phosphorylation of MAP kinases in mammals, nematode and fly and profiled MAP kinase phosphorylation patterns using absolute quantification by mass spectroscopy

IV.

We examine whether the mammalian scaffold protein could flow the signaling pathway when the one of MAPKK or MAPK is rewired to JIP1 by artificial assembly using a set of PDZ domains, but not by the original interaction between scaffold protein and MAPKs. JIP1, which is the mammalian scaffold protein expressed usually at brain or kidney, mediates the stress activated MAPKinase cascades, the JNK pathway module which is composed of MLK(MAPKKK) - or DLK(MAPKKK) -, MKK7(MAPKK), JNK(MAPK). This experiment would demonstrate that the main role of scaffold protein is the simple tethering of MAPKinase components of cascades, and show the prospect that by this role, the signaling pathway could be manipulated into other outputs in the mammalian as well as yeast.

Mammalian scaffold protein, JIP1ÀÇ MAPK ȤÀº MAPKK°úÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ interaction site¿¡ mutationÀ» ¸¸µé°í, À̵éÀÇ bindingÀ» ¹æÇؽÃÄÑ signaling flow¸¦ ¸·Àº »óÅ¿¡¼­, PDZ domain µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À̵éÀÇ interactionÀ» º¹±¸½ÃÄ×À» ¶§, signaling pathway°¡ ȸº¹µÇ´Â Áö ¾Ë¾Æº¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. JIP1Àº ÁÖ·Î brainÀ̳ª kidney¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇöµÇ´Â mammalian scaffold proteinÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿ÜºÎ ȯ°æÀÇ stress¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â JNK¸¦ activation ½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ MAPKinase cascades¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. JNK kinase pathways¸¦ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò´Â MLK(MAPKKK) ȤÀº DLK(MAPKKK), MKK7(MAPKK), JNK(MAPK)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ scaffold proteinÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ±â´ÉÀº pathwayÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Òµé°ú °áÇÕÇÏ¿© À̵éÀ» ¸ð¾ÆÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, yeast¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì Áõ¸íµÈ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, (Park et al. 2003) mammalian cells¿¡¼­µµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ signalingµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î ½ÅÈ£Àڱذú ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ÀÌÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¥´. Rewiring of MAPK signaling cascades

Most of human disease triggers by abnormal protein-protein interaction. Cancer, Alzheimer are most popular example, so therapy of the disease aim at that. However, most approaches are based on chemical compound. Although the chemical compound can disrupt protein-protein interaction very efficiently, they interact with limited protein site. As this result, disease can overcome by some mutation. We focused another approaches peptide interface. Peptide is not limited interaction but interact with broadly. So, they overcome chemical compound restriction. .

caffold ´Ü¹éÁúÀº MAPK ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ °æ·Î¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ¿¡¼­ ±³¹è Æä·Î¸ó°ú ³ôÀº »ïÅõȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â MAPK °æ·Î´Â scaffold ´Ü¹éÁú Ste5¿Í Pbs2¸¦ °¢°¢ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °æ·Î´Â °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î MAPKKK Ste11À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óȲ¿¡¼­ °¢°¢ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ Æí¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ºÙÀâ¾ÆÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ scaffold ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ±â´ÉÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Scaffold-Kinase »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ±¸ºÐµÇ´Â ¿ªÇÒ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇØ °¢°¢ ÀϾ¸ç ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ºÙÀâ¾ÆÁÖ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ, ¿ø·¡ÀÇ scaffold¸¦ ´ëüÇÏ´Â ÀΰøÀûÀÎ scaffold¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â º»·¡ÀÇ MAPK signaling¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â kinase¸¦ ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ºÙÀâ´Â PDZ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀΰøÀûÀÎ scaffold¸¦ ¼³°èÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀΰøÀûÀÎ scaffold¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© MAPK ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀ» À籸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼¼Æ÷ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ ±âÀÛÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¼¼Æ÷ ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÇ È帧À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¥µ. Specific disruption of protein-protein interactions using peptide library-based genetic screening

Protein-protein interactions play a central role in many cellular processes. Many of human diseases are believed to be provoked by dysfunction of protein-protein interactions. Therefore, the ability to interfere with specific protein-protein interactions can provide a new insight for disease therapy and cellular functions of proteins. Peptide could be a good material for blocking of protein interactions because they show high specificity and affinity to their target protein. In this study, a novel genetic screening system was used for selection of disruptive peptides specific for target protein interactions from a combinational library. Components of Ras signaling pathway, APIP and Tau proteins were chosen for screening targets because these proteins are involved in many critical cellular processes and diseases. Ras and APIP pathway are involved in anti-apoptotic processes, and dysfunction of these components is known to promote development of cancer. Tau functions as microtubule stabilizer and promotes microtubule assembly. However, polymerization of dysfunctional Tau generates neurodegenerative disease. To disrupt protein-protein interactions, target proteins were fused to DNA binding domain cI repressor from bacteriophage ¥ë. Reconstitution of a functional repressor via interaction of target proteins was monitored by a reporter module (¥ëPr-LacZ-Tet). Hybrid repressor and combinatorial peptide library were co-expressed in bacterial cells carrying the reporter module and disruptive peptides specific for target interactions were identified.

´Ü¹éÁú-´Ü¹éÁú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¸¹Àº ¼¼Æ÷ ´ë»çȰµ¿¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ï, ¾ËÃ÷ÇÏÀÌ¸Ó º´, ÆÄŲ½º º´°ú °°Àº Áúº´µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü¹éÁú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÇ À̻󿡼­ ±âÀÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ ´Ü¹éÁú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¹ß»ý µÇ´Â Áúº´µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·á¹ý µîÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÆéƼµå´Â ³ôÀº ƯÀ̼º°ú ģȭ·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϱâ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ¹°ÁúÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆéƼµå¸¦ ã¾Æ³»±â À§Çؼ­´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÁøÇÙ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â ¿øÇÙ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ º¸´Ù ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̹ø ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ´Ü¹éÁú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ´Â ÆéƼµå¸¦ ã¾Æ³»±â À§ÇØ ¿øÇÙ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼±º°¹æ½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ´ë»óÀ¸·Î´Â Ras, APIP, Tau pathway°¡ ¾²¿´´Ù. Ras¿Í APIPÀº Ç× ¼¼Æ÷ÀÚ»ì °úÁ¤¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Tau´Â ¼¼Æ÷³» ¹Ì¼Ò°üÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤È­¿Í Á¶¸³À» µ½´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ®ÀÖ´Ù. Ras¿Í APIPÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ À߸øµÇ¾úÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾Ï°ú Á÷°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ Tau´Â ½Å°æÅðÇ༺ Áúȯ¿¡ Å« °ü·ÃÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§¹®¿¡ ´Ü¹éÁú À߸øµÈ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëµéÀ» ÀúÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÆéƼµå¸¦ ã¾Æ³»°í ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇà ÇØ º¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

¥¶. Analyses of MAPK signaling pathways in mammalian cells at single-cell level using cell chips

In mammalian cells, there are three MAPK signaling pathways, such as ERK, JNK, and p38. In this study, we focus on ERK pathway which is closely related with cell proliferation and survival, and analyze it at single-cell level in mammalian cells such as HeLa and Jurkat. In order to accomplish this goal, we adopt a new method called cell chips. This method is suitable to observe signaling responses and kinetics at single cell level, because it can individualize various cell populations and maintain each cell. This research would be helpful to understand a variety of signaling fluxes in the population of mammalian cells.